Nephrology

a) Non-transplant indications of CNI (Calcineurin Inhibitors). [4] b) Alisporivir in Alport's syndrome. [3] c) Aquapheresis in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). [3]

a) Role of Nephrologists to promote DBD (Donation after brain death) programme. [7] b) Role of innate immune system in renal allograft injury. [3]

a) Heymann nephritis. [3] b) Experimental model for minimal change disease. [3] c) Experimental model for Diabetic kidney disease. [4]

a) Medical management of primary hyperoxaluria. [4] b) Indications of Eculizumab in kidney disorders and kidney transplantation. [6]

a) Describe co-stimulatory pathway for T-cell activation. [5] b) Describe use of various agents acting on co-stimulatory pathway in kidney transplantation. [5]

a) What is stem cell? Discuss its role in regeneration of failing kidney. [5] b) Briefly discuss present status of immuno-tolerance in kidney transplantation. [5]

a) Discuss briefly role of inflammation, immunity, oxidative stress and fibrosis in pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. [7] b) Discuss potential role of JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitors in kidney disorders. [3]

a) Diagnosis and management of ADTKD (Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases). [6] b) Role of uromodulin in health and kidney disease. [4]

a) Discuss need for long term follow-up of AKI (acute kidney injury) cases. [4] b) Prevention of AKI in ICU (Intensive Care Unit). [3] c) Stage of renal angina in progress of AKI. [3]

a) Discuss role of endothelin system in health and kidney diseases. [4] b) Role of endothelin receptor antagonists in various kidney diseases. [6]